Rosamaria CarraroFrancesco ShankarViola AllevatoGiulia RodighieroChristopher MarsdenArévalo, PatriciaPatriciaArévaloIvan DelvecchioAndrea Lapi2025-12-072025-12-072022-02-1810.1093/mnras/stac4412-s2.0-85127920432https://cris-uv-2.scimago.es/handle/123456789/7535WOS:000771700500002ABSTRACT A mild correlation exists in active galaxies between the mean black hole accretion, as traced by the mean X-ray luminosity <LX> and the host galaxy stellar mass M*, characterised by a normalization steadily decreasing with cosmic time and lower in more quiescent galaxies. We create comprehensive semi-empirical mock catalogues of active black holes to pin down which parameters control the shape and evolution of the <LX> − M* relation of X-ray-detected active galaxies. We find that the normalization of the <LX> − M* relation is largely independent of the fraction of active galaxies (the duty cycle), but strongly dependent on the mean Eddington ratio, when adopting a constant underlying MBH − M* relation as suggested by observational studies. The data point to a decreasing mean Eddington ratio with cosmic time and with galaxy stellar mass at fixed redshift. Our data can be reproduced by black holes and galaxies evolving on similar MBH − M* relations but progressively decreasing their average Eddington ratios, mean X-ray luminosities, and specific star formation rates, when moving from the starburst to the quiescent phase. Models consistent with the observed <LX> − M* relation and independent measurements of the mean Eddington ratios are characterised by MBH − M* relations lower than those derived from dynamically measured local black holes. Our results point to the <LX> − M* relation as a powerful diagnostic to: (1) probe black hole–galaxy scaling relations and the level of accretion on to black holes; (2) efficiently break the degeneracies between duty cycles and accretion rates in cosmological models of black holes.enacceso abiertoAstronomy And AstrophysicsSpace And Planetary Sciencearticle