Paolo CassataDaizhong LiuBrent GrovesEva SchinnererIbar, EduardoEduardoIbarMark SargentAlexander KarimMargherita TaliaOlivier Le FèvreLidia TascaBrian C. LemauxBruno RibeiroStefano FioreMichael RomanoChiara ManciniLaura MorselliGiulia RodighieroLucía Rodríguez-MuñozAndrea EniaVernesa Smolcic2025-12-072025-12-072020-03-0110.3847/1538-4357/ab74522-s2.0-85084051082https://cris-uv-2.scimago.es/handle/123456789/7702WOS:000521220900001Abstract We present the detection of CO (5−4) with signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) &gt; 7–13 and a lower CO transition with S/N &gt; 3 (CO (4−3) for four galaxies, and CO (3−2) for one) with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array in bands 3 and 4 in five main-sequence (MS) star-forming galaxies with stellar masses (3–6) × 10 10 M ⊙ at 3 &lt; z &lt; 3.5. We find a good correlation between the total far-infrared luminosity L FIR and the luminosity of the CO (5−4) transition <?CDATA ${L}_{\mathrm{CO}(5-4)}^{{\prime} }$?> , where <?CDATA ${L}_{\mathrm{CO}(5-4)}^{{\prime} }$?> increases with star formation rate (SFR), indicating that CO (5−4) is a good tracer of the obscured SFR in these galaxies. The two galaxies that lie closer to the star-forming MS have CO spectral line energy distribution (SLED) slopes that are comparable to other star-forming populations, such as local submillimeter galaxies and BzK star-forming galaxies; the three objects with higher specific star formation rates have far steeper CO SLEDs, which possibly indicates a more concentrated episode of star formation. By exploiting the CO SLED slopes to extrapolate the luminosity of the CO (1−0) transition and using a classical conversion factor for MS galaxies of <?CDATA ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{CO}}=3.8\,{M}_{\odot }{({\rm{K}}\mathrm{km}{{\rm{s}}}^{-1}{\mathrm{pc}}^{-2})}^{-1}$?> , we find that these galaxies are very gas-rich, with molecular gas fractions between 60% and 80% and quite long depletion times, between 0.2 and 1 Gyr. Finally, we obtain dynamical masses that are comparable to the sum of stellar and gas mass (at least for four out of five galaxies), allowing us to put a first constraint on the α CO parameter for MS galaxies at an unprecedented redshift.enacceso abiertoAstronomy And AstrophysicsSpace And Planetary Sciencearticle