Background This work presents a forecast model for non-typhoidal salmonellosis outbreaks. Method This forecast model is based on fitted values of multivariate regression time series that consider diagnosis and estimation of different parameters, through a very flexible statistical treatment called generalized auto-regressive and moving average models (GSARIMA). Results The forecast model was validated by analyzing the cases of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in Sydney Australia (2014–2016), the environmental conditions and the consumption of high-risk food as predictive variables. Conclusions The prediction of cases of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infections are included in a forecast model based on fitted values of time series modeled by GSARIMA, for an early alert of future outbreaks caused by this pathogen, and associated to high-risk food. In this context, the decision makers in the epidemiology field can led to preventive actions using the proposed model.

The consumption of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has been steadily increasing due to its high nutritional value and health benefits associated with its high antioxidant capacity. The objective of this study was to determine the contents of dietary fiber, polyphenols, flavonoids and isoflavones, and how they contribute to the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of six ecotypes of quinoa cultivated in three different zones of Chile. The ecotypes studied were: Ancovinto and Cancosa (Northern zone), Cáhuil and Faro (Central zone), and Regalona and Villarrica (Southern zone). The results indicate that all Chilean quinoa ecotypes could be considered as good sources of dietary fiber (12.23 g 100 g-1 dry matter) and polyphenols (161.32 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE) 100 g-1 dry matter). The North and Central ecotypes exhibited the highest isoflavone concentration. The Northern Cancosa was the ecotype that showed the highest flavonoid content (211.06 mg Catechin Equivalents (CAE) 100 g-1 dry matter). Based on the ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) assay, Ancovinto, Cancosa and Faro presented the highest antioxidant capacity (67.6 mmol Trolox Equivalents (TE) 100 g-1 dry matter). Regarding antimicrobial activity, Regalona ecotype showed the best performance against Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Listeria innocua. The bioactive compounds found in this study add new knowledge to the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Chilean quinoa seeds.

Abstract This chapter discusses general patterns of brooding in decapod crustaceans from aquatic to terrestrial environments, addressing behavioral adaptations as well as costs and benefits. Brooding embryos is a common feature among decapods. However, brooding exhibits a wide range of modes that are highly dependent on the environment. Brooding is less common in marine systems, whereas there is a general pattern of extended brooding with terrestrialization. Exceptions are crabs that have invaded land directly via the seashore, i.e. land crabs that have indirect development like their marine ancestors. During terrestrialization, adaption to environmental stressors like desiccation, UV radiation, temperature variability, mechanical support, and osmolality seemed to generally favor decreasing larval development and increasing duration of brood care. Thus, crustaceans developed more complex brooding mechanisms as adaptive responses to the colonization of land (e.g., osmoregulation of the maternal fluids, marsupial fluid, sealed and specialized marsupium, provision of nutritious material, grooming and cleaning, ventilation of the embryo masses). However, clear brooding behaviors are also observed among several marine species (e.g. grooming and cleaning, oxygen provision). The major efforts to characterize general brooding patterns among decapod crustaceans and describe brooding behaviors were not accompanied by comprehensive studies to understand the costs and the benefits of brooding. Several studies have addressed the positive influence of the mother on embryo development, but the efforts to quantify the impact on embryo survival are still limited. This chapter identifies problems that need further consideration to reach a deeper understanding of the evolution of brooding in decapod crustaceans.

Background: There is a need for novel treatments for neuroblastoma, despite the emergence of new biological and immune treatments, since refractory pediatric neuroblastoma is still a medical challenge. Phyto cannabinoids and their hemisynthetic derivatives have shown evidence supporting their anticancer potential. The aim of this research was to examine Phytocannabinoids or hemisynthetic cannabinoids, which reduce the SHSY-5Y, neuroblastoma cell line’s viability. Methods: Hexane and acetyl acetate extracts were produced starting with Cannabis sativa L. as raw material, then, 9-tetrahidrocannabinol, its acid counterpart and CBN were isolated. In addition, acetylated derivatives of THC and CBN were synthesized. The identification and purity of the chemicals was determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and 1H y 13C Magnetic Nuclear Resonance. Then, the capacity to affect the viability of SHSY-5Y, a neuroblastoma cell line, was examined using the resazurin method. Finally, to gain insight into the mechanism of action of the extracts, phytocannabinoids and acetylated derivatives on the examined cells, a caspase 3/7 determination was performed on cells exposed to these compounds. Results: The structure and purity of the isolated compounds was demonstrated. The extracts, the phytocannabinoids and their acetylated counterparts inhibited the viability of the SHSY 5Y cells, being CBN the most potent of all the tested molecules with an inhibitory concentration of 50 percent of 9.5 µM. Conclusion: Each of the evaluated molecules exhibited the capacity to activate caspases 3/7, indicating that at least in part, the cytotoxicity of the tested phytocannabinoids and their hemi-synthetic derivatives is mediated by apoptosis.

We propose a novel, scalable, and accurate method for detecting neuronal ensembles from a population of spiking neurons. Our approach offers a simple yet powerful tool to study ensemble activity. It relies on clustering synchronous population activity (population vectors), allows the participation of neurons in different ensembles, has few parameters to tune and is computationally efficient. To validate the performance and generality of our method, we generated synthetic data, where we found that our method accurately detects neuronal ensembles for a wide range of simulation parameters. We found that our method outperforms current alternative methodologies. We used spike trains of retinal ganglion cells obtained from multi-electrode array recordings under a simple ON-OFF light stimulus to test our method. We found a consistent stimuli-evoked ensemble activity intermingled with spontaneously active ensembles and irregular activity. Our results suggest that the early visual system activity could be organized in distinguishable functional ensembles. We provide a Graphic User Interface, which facilitates the use of our method by the scientific community.

This paper presents the first translation and adaptation of the Multidimensional Mentalizing Questionnaire (MMQ) into Spanish for a native Spanish-speaking sample in Chile. The study examines the psychometric properties and internal consistency of the translated MMQ. The instrument undergoes modifications based on a confirmatory factor analysis of the original structure, resulting in the elimination of items with cross-loadings and improvement in model fit. The modified scale is then analyzed, demonstrating strong psychometric properties. Convergent evidence is assessed by correlating MMQ subscales with the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) and Empathy Quotient (EQ), while divergent evidence is assessed by correlating aggressive traits using the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ). The study also explores gender differences and age. Results reveal positive correlations between good mentalizing and empathy, particularly cognitive empathy, supporting the significance of positive mentalization in empathy. Negative mentalization is associated with difficulties in perspective-taking and social skills, as well as aggressive traits. Gender differences in mentalizing capacities are observed, and negative aspects of mentalization decrease with age. The availability of the Spanish translation of the MMQ, the first self-reporting scale measuring mentalization adapted to Chilean population, contributes to research aiming to understand its relationship with other psychological phenomena in different cultural context and facilitating clinical interventions with different population groups. We therefore encourage further investigation into cultural, gender and age differences in mentalization.

In this work we are interested in a mathematical model of the collective behavior of a fully connected network of finitely many neurons, when their number and when time go to infinity. We assume that every neuron follows a stochastic version of the Hodgkin–Huxley model, and that pairs of neurons interact through both electrical and chemical synapses, the global connectivity being of mean field type. When the leak conductance is strictly positive, we prove that if the initial voltages are uniformly bounded and the electrical interaction between neurons is strong enough, then, uniformly in the number of neurons, the whole system synchronizes exponentially fast as time goes to infinity, up to some error controlled by (and vanishing with) the channels noise level. Moreover, we prove that if the random initial condition is exchangeable, on every bounded time interval the propagation of chaos property for this system holds (regardless of the interaction intensities). Combining these results, we deduce that the nonlinear McKean–Vlasov equation describing an infinite network of such neurons concentrates, as time goes to infinity, around the dynamics of a single Hodgkin–Huxley neuron with chemical neurotransmitter channels. Our results are illustrated and complemented with numerical simulations.

El presente artículo analiza el desarrollo de los huertos obreros en Chile entre 1930 y 1945 en el contexto de los debates sobre los problemas de abastecimiento, el alza en el costo de la vida y los problemas asociados al crecimiento urbano. Los huertos obreros aparecen como una respuesta multifactorial para enfrentar los problemas de subsistencia que presentaban las familias de trabajadores, pero además como modalidades de producción que ayudaban a movilizar una serie de valores sociales asociados a un modelo de familia obrera que las autoridades y empresarios querían promover. En este sentido, el artículo analiza los debates que se dieron en torno a la promoción de los huertos obreros, las propuestas legislativas, así como las acciones promovidas por tres empresas modelos en su rubro: la Compañía Manufacturera de Cartones, la Compañía Carbonífera e Industrial de Lota y la Empresa Cemento El Melón.