Chile has become the first country in the world where an equal number of men and women will draft the new Constitution due a parity law that was passed in March 2020. In addition, this historic opportunity will take place during one of the worst health pandemics in recorded history, COVID-19, which has revealed deep gender inequalities. The new Chilean Constitution, drafted with gender parity, will have a unique opportunity to grant a right to a universal basic income (UBI), which has been targeted to address some of the worst consequences of the pandemic: the increase in poverty, unemployment, and vulnerability of women. This article reviews the theories developed to justify a UBI and the feminist critics who argue that not all UBI is equally advantageous to women. The misconception that a ‘morally neutral’ model is sufficient and women-friendly disregards the way in which it encourages stereotypes that feminists have fought for centuries. We argue for the development of public policies with a gender focus, especially the right to a ‘gendered UBI’. This means a UBI that meets two basic requirements: first, that every citizen or resident be guaranteed the same amount of income from birth; second, that caregivers be provided with management rights to turn the UBI into a compensatory income that can also promote changes in gender roles, encouraging men to become caregivers.

Antecedentes Las mujeres universitarias socioeconómicamente vulnerables son un grupo de riesgo para desarrollar problemas de salud mental durante la pandemia por COVID-19, encontrándose que la regulación emocional y factores de apoyo docente pueden moderar este efecto.

Child-to-parent violence has been defined as any act used by children to gain power and control by generating fear in their parents and that seeks to cause physical, psychological, and/or financial harm to their parents. This behavior puts family safety at risk due to the imbalance of power that it generates. For this reason, most abused parents feel guilty and humiliated. Child-to-parent violence has been historically underresearched compared with other studies about family violence. Most of the research conducted on this topic has been carried out in Europe and North America in the least decades. Nevertheless, in Chile, the research about child-to-parent violence has been really insufficient. This article presents the first analysis conducted in Chile regarding the prevalence of violent adolescent behavior toward parents. A total of 1,861 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 20 ( M = 16.1, SD = 1.29) participated in the study (48.1% boys; 51.9% girls). Participants answered an ad hoc questionnaire on child-to-parent violence. Our findings indicate that psychological, economic, and physical aggression against the mother was more frequent than against the father. Daughters are more likely to use psychological aggression toward their fathers and mothers, whereas sons are more likely to use financial and physical aggression. Young people living in single-parent families are more likely to use financial and psychological aggression toward their mother. These findings reveal the impact of gender and family structure on aggression toward parents.

En este artículo presentamos y analizamos la inducción de una política pública del Estado chileno para la creación de un destino turístico, que alienta un imaginario de integración territorial y en el plano de la subjetividad a la cultura nacional, que mantiene importantes rezagos en el plano material, laboral y económico. La ciudad de Coyhaique, principal centro urbano de la región de Aysén en la Patagonia chilena, es un modelo de un tipo de economía regional que solo explota sus recursos paisajísticos naturales. La tesis que aquí desarrollamos es que existe una incompatibilidad entre los subsistemas urbanos y el modo de explotación del recurso paisajístico natural asociado a consumidores extranjeros de altos ingresos., La política pública no cuenta con una plataforma de desarrollo adecuada, que armonice ambos subsistemas, amparándose en un imaginario político del turismo, que invisibiliza las necesidades cotidianas de sus habitantes.

La política internacional de protección del patrimonio mundial de la UNESCO se integró en las agendas de desarrollo nacional y local de los países de América Latina, gestionando proyectos de mejoramiento social y urbano en barrios históricos de las ciudades. Los efectos sociales, ambientales y económicos de estos procesos de patrimonialización de los lugares no han sido suficientemente analizados. En este sentido, y asumiendo una perspectiva psicoambiental, esta investigación describe y compara los índices de Apego al Lugar e Identidad de Lugar en habitantes de tres barrios de la ciudad de Valparaíso (n=544) (Chile) y dos en la ciudad de Quito (n=209) (Ecuador), que se encuentran ubicados en zonas catalogadas como Patrimonio de la Humanidad. A través de la aplicación de pruebas t de Student de comparación de medias y d de Cohen de valoración del tamaño del efecto, se observó que las personas que cuentan con mayor tiempo de residencia, que habitan barrios patrimoniales consolidados (donde las dimensiones socio-urbanas del entorno se encuentran mayormente intervenidas y desarrolladas) y que son propietarias de sus viviendas presentan puntajes más altos de Apego al Lugar e Identidad de Lugar. Se observó un nivel moderado de Apego de Lugar e Identidad de Lugar en los habitantes de los barrios patrimoniales de las ciudades de Valparaíso y Quito.

RESUMEN Una atribución de agencia mental es definida como el acto de asignar el inicio o autoría de un pensamiento en primera persona a un agente específico, esto, con el fin de generar grados suficientes de control sobre nuestra vida cognitiva. Si bien esta estrategia es fundamental para distinguir diferentes tipos de estados cognitivos - tales como deliberaciones, razonamientos, juicios, entre otros -, muchos autores han indicado que también es clave para entender experiencias cognitivas psicopatológicas en psicosis. Este artículo revisa la forma en que la estructura subjetiva de los delirios de inserción de pensamiento puede ser utilizada como una estrategia para evaluar los méritos argumentativos de las teorías que intentan explicar la arquitectura y naturaleza de las atribuciones de agencia mental. Luego de evaluar algunos aspectos fundamentales de las dos teorías dominantes en la literatura actual, se sugiere que, a pesar de sus importantes aportes al desarrollo de la discusión, tales enfoques no poseen los recursos explicativos suficientes para lidiar con el desafío propuesto.

Along with the increase in reported figures of depression in the world's population, organizations such as the WHO have begun to promote screening and pharmacological treatment of mild symptomatic cases. The problem in this context is that the manifestations of ‘normal’ and ‘pathological’ depressive mood do not differ much from each other, which creates difficulties at a diagnostic and scientific level. This article explores an approach that could facilitate the clinical and scientific task of differentiating between non-specific affective disturbances (depressive mood) and depression as an illness as such. It is proposed that various causal stressors interact with individual predispositions to trigger a transient change in mood as an adaptive response. In turn, the greater the intensity of the stressors (psychological, social, etc.), the greater the neuroinflammation, which would diminish neuronal plasticity and the possibilities of mood compensation and behavioral change of the subject. The existence of this neurobiological alteration (decreased neuronal plasticity), rather than depressive mood, would help us to categorize depression as a disease.

Selon une méthodologie qualitative de type biographique, l’article analyse sur le mode du cas unique le récit de vie d’une femme de 73 ans qui fut prisonnière politique et torturée lors de la dictature civile et militaire chilienne. On cherche à cerner le sens que prend l’autre comme altérité dans son expérience subjective. En premier lieu, c’est la figure de l’autre qui apparait dans le récit de prison, de torture et de violence politique. Dans ce cas, l’altérité se vit dans le passage entre des lieux de confort et d’appui, comme dans la camaraderie politique, et d’autres caractérisés par la violence et la crudité incarnés dans le rôle du tortionnaire et des forces armées. Une situation particulière se produit lorsque l’agresseur est paradoxalement perçu comme un être bon. En deuxième lieu, l’altérité se présente a posteriori, en aval de la situation de violence politique, dans la transmission de cette expérience. Elle prend forme dans le rôle du témoin, comme une expérience réparatrice associée à la reconnaissance qu’elle implique mais à la fois redoutée en raison du risque de « faire mal » au récepteur du récit. En troisième lieu, le cadre de la recherche se présente comme une instance particulière qui fait apparaître la rencontre entre le participant et un autre, chercheur, qui, à l’image de ce qui se produit dans le cas précédent, outre son rôle de chercheur, fait office de témoin.

Child and dyadic psychotherapy have been scarcely investigated from the psychotherapy process research perspective. Thus, content and mechanisms related to therapeutic change have been overlooked by research. This study aimed at testing the applicability of the generic change indicators (GCI) model to identify moments of change in the parent during dyadic interventions, as well as to explore, describe and illustrate the therapeutic process through a brief mentalization-informed intervention with a depressive mother and her baby, using video-feedback as its main strategy, which has ample evidence about its effectiveness. We conducted a single case qualitative study using the GCI model. The mother’s ongoing change was determined by identifying episodes of change (EC) and moments of change (MC). Each MC was then labelled with one of the 19 GCIs. GCIs were observed from the intervention’s start. GCI’s hierarchical levels were increasing over the intervention, in association with the video-feedback situation. Our findings suggest that the GCI model is feasible to observe and understand dyadic interventions, contributing to the growing body of evidence supporting psychotherapists’ training and supervision.

Previous studies suggest that Latin America is entering into a Second Demographic Transition (SDT). This essay asks whether this theory can account for increasing cohabitation in Chile, contrasting this perspective with three alternative frameworks: gender revolution (GR), declining patriarchy (DP), and the pattern of disadvantage/dual marriage system (POD/DMS). We analyze available evidence from published works and from new research to explore the pertinence of these frameworks to the situation in Chile. We argue that female autonomy is a key determinant of the rise in cohabitation. The SDT, as originally stated, assigned female autonomy a significant role as the engine of demographic changes. However, in recent formulations, specifically, in its applications to Latin America, female autonomy was subsumed under individual autonomy. In any event, structural changes that are preconditions to female autonomy have not been addressed by the SDT. Thus, other frameworks are needed to explain the Chilean situation. According to the DP approach, within a long-term process of declining patriarchy, recent increased participation of Chilean women in paid work was probably the main promoter of female autonomy. Yet greater female autonomy has not been accompanied by changes in men’s domestic labor or by less familistic social policies, which is in accordance with the first stage of the GR. Moreover, enduring inequalities—as proposed by the POD approach—and ongoing relevance of the DMS probably account for the speed of growing cohabitation, not only among the more disadvantaged population, but also among more affluent groups.

Este estudio descriptivo correlacional de tipo transversal, describe y analiza variables sociodemográficas y criminógenas en 174 personas que cumplen sentencia por delitos sexuales en el Complejo Penitenciario de Valparaíso, Chile. Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de los sujetos corresponde a hombres solteros de mediana edad, de nivel educacional medio, presentando un bajo y mediano nivel de compromiso delictual. La mayoría de los participantes fueron sentenciados por abuso sexual y/o violación de adultos, o violación de niños menores de 14 años. No se encontraron relaciones significativas entre las variables estudiadas. Se concluye que los resultados del estudio confirman parcialmente los informes internacionales sobre la caracterización de los delincuentes sexuales y que el grupo estudiado parece estar más cerca de las características de la población general que de la población carcelaria condenada por otros delitos comunes.

Individuals with Bipolar Disorder (BD) present problems in Social Cognition (SC), a process associated with the quality of early attachment experiences. The experience of traumatic events in childhood threatens the quality of attachment. Attachment theory provides a comprehensive paradigm for understanding the role of early adversity on psychological functioning. However, early experiences have been largely neglected in BD research and clinical practice. We examined the moderating role of attachment in the relationship between childhood traumatic experiences and SC in a sample of 76 adults with BD. Early traumatic experiences were assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), SC was measured with the Hinting Task Test and attachment was examined using the Experience in Close Relationships questionnaire (ECR). Higher scores on attachment anxiety were positively associated with early traumatic events and better SC performance. Results suggest that attachment anxiety may be acting as an adaptive strategy in bipolar people who have suffered traumatic childhood experiences. The present study was observational and cross-sectional. Therefore, findings cannot be used to infer causality. Additionally, we assessed both attachment and trauma using self-report measures. Future studies should consider longitudinal designs with observer-rated measures such as standardized interviews. Our findings reinforce the importance of early childhood experiences in the development of SC in people with BD, challenging some traditional understandings of SC deficits as part of the genetic dimension of the disorder.

Abstract In Chile the experiment shows that candidate gender typically is not a strong component of leadership templates for either male or female participants, yet when gender is significant women candidates are favored (to be a deputy and in feminine policy areas). The study also shows that women are evaluated as capable in masculine policy areas. Coalition, in contrast, regularly has a significant effect on candidate evaluations, and coalitions receive higher scores on policies associated with their issue ownership. Findings that women fit the leader image of Chilean urban young adults are notable given the long history of limited election of women to congress, paired with a woman president for eight years. These findings are also important given the context of political protest in the years surrounding the experiment, with protests often having young women as “on the street” leaders.

Desde la década del 90 en Chile, las intervenciones en Psicología Comunitaria se han desarrollado principalmente dentro del marco teórico, material y simbólico de las políticas sociales (Alfaro, 2012), esta relación se ha caracterizado por una tensión entre los modelos de políticas públicas neoliberal y las dimensiones ético-políticas de la Psicología Comunitaria. En esta investigación se analiza el contenido de los relatos que construyen profesionales que trabajan en programas de políticas sociales en Chile, sobre las tensiones que se producen entre su quehacer, las políticas sociales y los principios de la Psicología Comunitaria. Se entrevistó a diez psicólogos-as comunitarias-os, que tienen entre 2 a 26 años de experiencia trabajando en instituciones que ejecutan políticas sociales. Se reporta que la tensión en el quehacer profesional en la política pública, se expresa en el grado de autonomía que otorgan los espacios de trabajo, la disputa profesional de su quehacer en la política pública y las consecuencias personales producto de las tensiones profesionales.

El artículo expone los resultados de una investigación documental que analiza las principales medidas adoptadas en Chile frente al covid-19, desde las concepciones de salud -como derecho humano, bien social, políticas públicas y demandas ciudadanas-, en el contexto de un sistema sanitario público/privado altamente segmentado. Se propone que la mayor tensión estructural del sistema sanitario chileno se presenta entre las concepciones de salud como derecho humano y bien social. Los resultados confirman la propuesta, presentando las convergencias y divergencias aportadas por las concepciones de salud, junto a las oportunidades profesionales para trabajo social en el marco de la pandemia.