AbstractBackground/AimThe International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) is considered the foremost authority in Dental Traumatology. Fellowship status was introduced in 2015 and is considered an international standard of excellence. The Fellowship Committee of the IADT believed it was essential to survey members seeking information on the benefits of the IADT Fellowship and potential considerations for future development. This survey aimed to explore the perceptions of members of IADT surrounding the fellowship process in terms of interest, accessibility, equality, perceived prestige, and value to the membership.Material and MethodsThe survey was sent to 546 IADT members, of whom 89 were fellows (as of 31 July 2022) from 74 countries via an email invitation. Answers were analysed using the Chi2 and Fisher's exact test (p < .05).ResultsThe response rate to the survey was 20.69% (n = 113), including 28 fellows (24.78%). Forty‐six respondents (40.71%) were female, and 67 (59.30%) were male. Dentists identified as specialists were significantly more likely to be involved in teaching dental trauma (p = .000008). A majority of respondents (87.76%; 86/98) expressed interest in obtaining fellowship, with increased interest from more recent graduates. Learning opportunities, obtaining expertise, networking and a sense of community and prestige, were key factors in considering fellowship. There was interest in alternate pathways other than examination alone, with 60.2% of 98 respondents suggesting a combination of publications /service to IADT/ reviewer for Dental Traumatology, 57.14% suggesting the submission of case reports, and 42.86% suggesting Honorary Fellowship. Respondents (73%) were willing to participate in online discussion forums and other professional development opportunities. This preference was more notable among non‐fellows (75.29%) than fellows (67.85%).ConclusionsThe survey indicates the diverse motivations and perceptions regarding the IADT Fellowship, despite the low participation of IADT members. Achieving fellowship status is desired by 87.7% of non‐fellows. The majority of respondents were aware of the process, but main concerns were identified as eligibility criteria and examination difficulty. Options for alternate pathways and other initiatives promoting engagement were identified. Further exploration of these issues is required to be representative of the entire IADT membership. Addressing these obstacles could significantly enhance fellowship participation and overall member satisfaction within the IADT community.

The recent review article by Zonnenberg, Türp and Greene 'Centric relation critically revisited - What are the clinical implications'? opens an important debate by addressing topics of central relevance in Dentistry, namely the relationship between occlusion and the condyle-to-glenoid-fossa position, and the need for diagnostic assessment and therapeutic alteration of the condylar position in orthodontic patients. Zonnenberg, Türp and Greene concluded that the mandibular condyle is correctly situated in most orthodontic patients. Thus, in their view, orthodontists can disregard this aspect during treatment, and rely on the plastic properties of the masticatory supporting structures, while aiming at finishing the cases in a good occlusal relationship. We think that this approach fails to consider that biological variation of the stomatognathic structures can also be pathological and that, as dental occlusion determines condylar relative position within the glenoid fossa, changes in the occlusion are likely to alter the original condylar-to-glenoid-fossa relation. Hence, we claim that whenever the occlusal relationship must be changed, the clinician should carefully monitor the condyle position and the mandibular function to prevent possible iatrogenic effects. To advance the discourse on the topic, we invite Zonnenberg, Türp and Greene to clarify their definition of 'average patient' and their interpretation of 'full-mouth orthodontic and orthognathic treatment', their understanding of 'biologically acceptable condylar relationship', their justification of maximum intercuspation as reference position, the extent to which they think it is safe to rely on the TMJ resilience, and finally their alternative to centric relation in the treatment of patients needing condylar repositioning.

The adult population in Chile has a high prevalence of dental caries and non-functional dentition. Fifteen years after the Health Reform, aimed to reduce health inequalities, it is necessary to analyse changes in social inequalities in oral health in Chilean adults.

La historia o ficha clínica ha servido de instrumento de registro de las actividades sanitarias desde el inicio de las profesiones de salud, otorgándosele diversas utilidades y valoraciones, según su objetivo, un valor docente, en investigación, judicial, entre otros. Ante las diferentes interpretaciones de las normas vigentes en Chile se ha debido legislar en su uso, pertenencia, contenido y otros aspectos, aclarando algunas situaciones pero restringiendo su acceso en otros aspectos. Dado las distintas leyes y normativas a las que se asocia su uso, se hizo necesario elaborar un documento que incluya sus aspectos más importantes. Aún quedan elementos asociados a las costumbres, creencias, especialidades en salud, entre otras, que no han sido abordados por las leyes, además de la labor docente de este instrumento.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the concordance of the vestibular bone thickness measured at the level of point A between Teleradiography and Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: This study consisted of a cross-sectional analytical design of concordance that evaluated the teleradiographies and CBCTs of 32 patients. The measurements were performed by three evaluators, specialists in orthodontics. Two of them measured the CBCTs and one evaluated the teleradiographs. The concordance of both tests was determined using the Concordance Correlation Coefficient. Results: When evaluating the value of the vestibular bone thickness at the level of point A between the CBCT and the teleradiography, it was observed that the mean value of the absolute difference between the two was 0.95±0.74, 95%CI [0.68–1.22], being statistically significant (p=0.0027). When the concordance between both tests was analyzed, it was observed that it was poor (CCC=0.204 95%CI [0.014–0.394]), although statistically significant (p<0.00001). Conclusions: It was possible to conclude that there is no concordance in the measurement of the vestibular bone thickness at the level of Point A between the Teleradiography and the CBCT. Keywords: Cone-beam computed tomography; Orthodontics; Cephalometry; Incisor; Patients; Cross-sectional studies

In 2016, the new edition of the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) Ethical Guidelines was released, which are universally acknowledged as ethical standards in biomedical research. In this article, we critically analyze the improvements and shortcomings of the CIOMS Ethical Guidelines 2016. Among the improvements are the relevance assigned to the social value of research and its effects on decision-making and the creation of public policies; the research development in low-resources scenarios; the communities involvement in the research process; the determination of participants vulnerability and changes on informed consent related proceedings. Despite the improved harmonization with scientific, technologic and social changes, and that the guidelines provide a tool for researchers and members of research ethics committees alike, some topics remain unsolved, namely the management of participants minimal risk and conflicts of interest involved in research, and the development of research in low-incomes scenarios. Nonetheless, we recognize that these new guidelines constitute a progress regarding the context and needs of populations in which research will be conducted, with greater community involvement in the different phases of the investigation project, thus allowing them to access the potential benefits. The impact of the CIOMS Ethical Guidelines 2016, should be appraised over time, particularly in socio-sanitary inequities scenarios and in the context of commercial interests of industry on biomedical research.A fines del año 2016 se publicó la nueva edición de las Pautas Éticas Internacionales para la Investigación Relacionada con la Salud con Seres Humanos del Consejo de Organizaciones Internacionales de las Ciencias Médicas (CIOMS, por sus siglas en inglés Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences), estándares universalmente reconocidos en la investigación biomédica. En este artículo se realiza un análisis crítico de las potencialidades y falencias de las nuevas pautas del CIOMS 2016. Algunos avances alcanzados consideran la importancia asignada al valor social de la investigación y su repercusión en la toma de decisiones y la creación de políticas públicas, el desarrollo de investigación en escenarios de bajos recursos, la participación de las comunidades en el proceso investigativo, la determinación de la vulnerabilidad de los participantes de una investigación y los cambios en los procedimientos de consentimiento informado. Esta actualización es una gran herramienta para investigadores y miembros de los comités de ética científica. Asimismo, aunque constituye una adaptación a los rápidos cambios científicos, tecnológicos y sociales; permanecen aspectos no resueltos, principalmente en torno al manejo del riesgo mínimo de los participantes y de los conflictos de interés involucrados en una investigación, además del desarrollo de ésta en escenarios de bajos recursos. No obstante, se hace un positivo progreso en cuanto al contexto y las necesidades de las poblaciones en las que se desarrollarán las investigaciones y la participación comunitaria en las distintas fases del proyecto, accediendo a sus potenciales beneficios. El impacto de las pautas del CIOMS 2016, deberá evaluarse en el tiempo, en particular en escenarios de inequidades socio-sanitarias y de intereses comerciales de la industria en la investigación biomédica.

The CCR5/CCL5 axis is essential for interactions between malignant cells and microenvironment components, promoting tumor progression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study aims to evaluate the association of CCL5 and CCR5 with the behavior of oral cancer and assess the therapeutic potential of a CCR5 antagonist.

Objective: To characterize based on a bibliographic review the irrigation techniques with the greatest efficacy in the removal of calcium hydroxide as intracanal medication. Materials and methods: Bibliographic review carried out in the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. 32 articles contained between the years 2015 and 2020 were selected. Results: The most studied technique is ultrasonic irrigation, not achieving the highest levels of efficacy. Laser-activated irrigation was found to be the most efficacious in the removal of medication in three thirds of the canals. The most frequently used irrigants were sodium hypochlorite and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Conclusion: The most efficacious techniques are laser-activated irrigation, followed by passive ultrasonic irrigation. The evidence supports that sodium hypochlorite and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid should be the irrigants used, both sequentially and not exclusively used.

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an adhesive loaded with 0.2 % copper (Cu) and 5 % zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (Nps) on its adhesive properties and enzymatic activity at the hybrid layer ex vivo in a randomized clinical model. Methods Fifteen patients participated in this study, and a total of 30 third molars were used. Occlusal cavities (4 × 4 × 2 mm) were made in each tooth, and randomly divided into 2 groups: (i) Experimental group: commercial adhesive loaded with 0.2wt % CuNps and 5wt % ZnONps; and (ii) Control Group: non-loaded commercial adhesive. Teeth were restored with resin composite. Thirty days later, extractions were performed. Extracted teeth were longitudinally sectioned. Nps in powder were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Microtensile bond strength (μTBS), degree of conversion (DC), and nanoleakeage (NL) tests were executed. In situ zymography (Zym) was performed to evaluate the gelatinolytic activity at the hybrid layer. Student's t -test (α = 0.05) was applied for all tests. Results μTBS and DC did not show significant differences ( p > 0.05) between both groups. However, NL and gelatinolytic activity at the hybrid layer showed significant values ( p < 0.05) for experimental group in comparison with control group. Conclusion The addition of 0.2 % CuNps and 5 % ZnONps to a universal adhesive decreases NL and gelatinolytic activity at the hybrid layer, without jeopardizing its adhesive properties. Significance This randomized clinical trial with ex vivo analysis demonstrate that a commercial adhesive modified with 0.2wt % Cu and 5wt % ZnO Nps that does not affect its adhesive properties, reducing gelatinolytic activity and nanoleakage at the hybrid layer, which should contribute to an improvement of long term bonding-dentine clinical performance.

Background Due to the current importance of dental whitening, multiple studies have been carried out in order to achieve an efficient, effective, and innocuous procedure. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness and sensitivity of in-office dental bleaching with one versus two applications of 6% hydrogen peroxide (HP) gel with nitrogen titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles activated by LED/Laser lamp in a single-session. Methods This RCT with a split-mouth design was performed in twenty-seven volunteers. The in-office dental bleaching technique was performed using 6% HP with nitrogen TiO 2 nanoparticles. In each patient, groups were randomized by hemiarch: Group 1 received one application of 72 minutes and Group 2 received two applications of 36 minutes, both groups in a single-session. Results There were no significant differences in the effectiveness of a single-session with one or two applications of 6% HP with nitrogen TiO 2 nanoparticles between both groups(p>0.05). A positive and increase of ∆E value was observed in both groups. Group 1 showed an increase of 4.45 in the immediate measurement, remaining at 4.41 until the one-week control, to increase up to an ∆E of 4.99 at one-month control. Group 2 showed a sustained increase of 4.02 units in the immediate control until reaching the maximum value of 5.46 units of ∆E at one-month control. Conclusion One session single application protocol of 6% Hydrogen Peroxide gel with nanoparticulate TiO 2 activated by LED/Laser is effective and efficient for dental bleaching.

Objectives: To describe the anesthetic techinque used during EXIT-like procedures and assess its effects in the overall success rate of the intervention.Methodology: Retrospective cohort study of 32 mother-newborn pairs with an antenatal diagnosis of gastroschisis in whom a primary closure was planned using the EXIT-like procedure.Results: In 26 (81.3%, 95%CI 63.5-92.8%)cases a successful closure of the abdominal defect was achieved.A slightly reduced success rate was found amongst patients receiving spinal anesthesia (71.4%) when compared with general (80.0%) and mixed techniques (86.7%), which did not reach statistical significance.Conclusions: No association was found between anesthesia technique and EXIT-like procedure success rates.Futher randomised studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Aim Accurate records of traumatic dental injuries are important for clinical management and data collection for research. Soft tissue injuries often accompany dental trauma and should be appropriately recorded. The Eden Baysal Dental Trauma Index (EBDTI) provides an easy recording system of useful information about traumatic dental injuries on a tooth basis. The aim of this study was to extend the EBDTI index to record soft tissue injuries in a concise format and to approve the face and content validity of this version as the modified EBDTI (MEBDTI). Materials and Methods An extension to EBDTI was developed by adding superscript numbers from 0 to 8 to represent soft tissue injuries related to dental trauma. The Rand e-Delphi method was used to evaluate this version of the index. A definition and two statements about the index were sent to 15 international panel experts to be assessed independently on a 9-point Likert scale where 1 represented “total disagreement,” and 9 indicated “total agreement.” The panel needed to reach a 75% consensus for validation. A numerical code was suggested using zero to depict no soft tissue injury; 1–4 to record extra-oral injuries; and 5–8 to record intra-oral injuries (for example, gingiva, frenulum, and palate). Traumatic dental injury of the tooth/teeth is recorded using EBDTI in square brackets, and soft tissue codes are used as superscript numbers outside the brackets on a patient basis. Results The panel reached a consensus on the definition (86.7%) and two statements (86.7% and 93.3%) in one round. Various cases are presented to demonstrate the application of the index. Conclusion The Modified Eden Baysal Dental Trauma Index was developed to record soft tissue. injuries on a patient basis and was approved for face and content validity.

Each year, millions of children are injured and live with the consequences of those injuries. Through infancy and childhood, orofacial trauma caused by falls or being struck by or against objects occurs in children. The long-term implications on the developing permanent teeth are little known, even when the oral region is the second most frequently injured body area in children under 6 years of age. During this period, the developing permanent teeth may be directly involved after trauma, causing mild to severe hypoplasia, displacement, damage to the tooth germ, or an extended range of morphofunctional disturbances. In some cases, the effects of oral and dental injuries caused by trauma appear later with the eruption of the permanent incisors when ectopic eruption, malalignments, and other developmental disturbances become visible. Therefore, long-term follow up of the patient in order to diagnose and treat associated complications becomes essential. Critical points for facing the consequences of orofacial trauma on the developing dentition are to recognize the impact of orofacial trauma in young children and the dentist’s role in providing anticipatory guidance to parents and health care professionals, differentiate between mild and severe disturbances affecting the developing permanent teeth after oral injuries in early childhood, recognize the importance of follow-up controls, and recognize the importance of early referral to a pediatric dentist and orthodontist for diagnosis and treatment planning.

Each year, millions of children are injured and live with the consequences of those injuries. Through infancy and childhood, orofacial trauma caused by falls or being struck by or against objects occurs in children. The long‐term implications on the developing permanent teeth are little known, even when the oral region is the second most frequently injured body area in children under 6 years of age. During this period, the developing permanent teeth may be directly involved after trauma, causing mild to severe hypoplasia, displacement, damage to the tooth germ, or an extended range of morphofunctional disturbances. In some cases, the effects of oral and dental injuries caused by trauma appear later with the eruption of the permanent incisors when ectopic eruption, malalignments, and other developmental disturbances become visible. Therefore, long‐term follow up of the patient in order to diagnose and treat associated complications becomes essential. Critical points for facing the consequences of orofacial trauma on the developing dentition are to recognize the impact of orofacial trauma in young children and the dentist's role in providing anticipatory guidance to parents and health care professionals, differentiate between mild and severe disturbances affecting the developing permanent teeth after oral injuries in early childhood, recognize the importance of follow‐up controls, and recognize the importance of early referral to a pediatric dentist and orthodontist for diagnosis and treatment planning.

Resumen Introduccion La salud basada en evidencia (SBE) integra el uso de la mejor evidencia, la experiencia clinica y los valores y preferencias del paciente para la toma de decisiones. Su incorporacion en las carreras sanitarias de Chile es desconocida. Metodos Se realizo un estudio de corte transversal para evaluar la incorporacion de SBE en los programas de las carreras sanitarias en Chile hasta 2019. Se describe la integracion del modelo Metodologia de la Investigacion Cientifica (MIC)-Medicina Basada en la Evidencia (MBE) en la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad de Valparaiso. Resultados Un total de 49 universidades imparten carreras sanitarias. Un 8,13% incorpora SBE como asignatura explicitamente. Todas incorporan asignaturas que potencialmente incluyen contenidos de SBE. Las carreras de Medicina y Enfermeria son las que mas incorporan SBE, pero solo una carrera de Medicina incluye SBE como asignatura por mas de un semestre. El modelo integrado MIC/MBE (4 semestres), orientado en competencias y centrado en el alumno, involucra el diseno y ejecucion de un protocolo de investigacion, asi como el analisis critico de la mejor evidencia, integrado con los valores de los pacientes. Conclusion La incorporacion de SBE como asignatura es muy infrecuente en carreras sanitarias chilenas. Se enfatiza su inclusion transdisciplinaria como asignatura individual desde un modelo que integre la ensenanza de MIC, sobre todo en universidades estatales.

Objective To identify which social determinants of health explain the gap in the remaining teeth between men and women. Methods A secondary analysis of data from the Chilean National Health Survey (CNHS) 2016–2017 was performed on the number of remaining teeth in adults. The explanatory variables were organized into structural and intermediate social determinants of health according to the WHO framework. The contribution of both groups and the contribution of each individual explanatory variable to the remaining teeth gap was estimated using the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition analysis. Results The predicted average number of remaining teeth for men was 23.4 and 21.0 for women, thus a mean difference of 2.4 teeth. 49.8% of the inequality between men and women was due to the different distribution (endowments) of the predictors in the model. Among them, structural determinants of health, namely education level (15.8%) and employment status (17.8%), contributed the most. Intermediate determinants had no relevant contribution to explain the gap. Conclusions Results revealed that the difference in the mean number of remaining teeth between men and women was mainly explained by two structural determinants: education level and employment status. The lack of explanatory power of intermediate determinants and the large explanatory power of structural determinants means that tackling oral health inequity in Chile requires strong political commitment. The role of intersectoral and intersectional public policies to address gender inequalities in oral health in Chile is discussed.

To describe demographic and clinicopathological aspects of a South-American cohort of incipient oral squamous cell carcinoma patients.