Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate, after 5 years, the efficacy of proximal microinvasive sealing of permanent teeth on the risk for caries lesion development. Methods: Children aged 8 to 10 y at baseline, at high caries risk, were studied. In the preventive (P) group the children had caries lesions on the distal surface of primary second molars (05d) but sound mesial surfaces of the approximating permanent first molars (6m). In the therapeutic (T) group the children had initial caries lesions on 6m that abutted lesions on 05d. Each child in the two groups had one 05d/6m pair. Using a split-mouth design, one 6m surface in each pair was randomly assigned to receive sealing while the other pair served as an unsealed control. Results: Of the 61 children at baseline 42 could be blindly examined clinically and radiographically both at baseline and after 5 years. In the P group, 8 of 28 (28.6%) sealed and 15 of 28 (53.6 %) unsealed sound 6m surfaces had developed caries lesions (p = 0.04). In the T group, the progression of the carious lesions on 6m was observed in 4 of 14 sealed (28.6%) and 8 of 14 (57.1%) unsealed caries control surfaces (p = 0.29). Pooling the data from the two groups, the difference between sealed and non-sealed surfaces was significant (p = 0.013). Conclusion: Both preventive and therapeutic sealant to 6m adjacent to a lesion on 05d has effectiveness in caries reduction in high caries risk children Clinical Significance: The beneficial effect of sealing is observed for at least 5 years after a single sealant treatment.

Abstract Background/Aim The International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) is considered the foremost authority in Dental Traumatology. Fellowship status was introduced in 2015 and is considered an international standard of excellence. The Fellowship Committee of the IADT believed it was essential to survey members seeking information on the benefits of the IADT Fellowship and potential considerations for future development. This survey aimed to explore the perceptions of members of IADT surrounding the fellowship process in terms of interest, accessibility, equality, perceived prestige, and value to the membership. Material and Methods The survey was sent to 546 IADT members, of whom 89 were fellows (as of 31 July 2022) from 74 countries via an email invitation. Answers were analysed using the Chi 2 and Fisher's exact test ( p < .05). Results The response rate to the survey was 20.69% ( n = 113), including 28 fellows (24.78%). Forty‐six respondents (40.71%) were female, and 67 (59.30%) were male. Dentists identified as specialists were significantly more likely to be involved in teaching dental trauma ( p = .000008). A majority of respondents (87.76%; 86/98) expressed interest in obtaining fellowship, with increased interest from more recent graduates. Learning opportunities, obtaining expertise, networking and a sense of community and prestige, were key factors in considering fellowship. There was interest in alternate pathways other than examination alone, with 60.2% of 98 respondents suggesting a combination of publications /service to IADT/ reviewer for Dental Traumatology, 57.14% suggesting the submission of case reports, and 42.86% suggesting Honorary Fellowship. Respondents (73%) were willing to participate in online discussion forums and other professional development opportunities. This preference was more notable among non‐fellows (75.29%) than fellows (67.85%). Conclusions The survey indicates the diverse motivations and perceptions regarding the IADT Fellowship, despite the low participation of IADT members. Achieving fellowship status is desired by 87.7% of non‐fellows. The majority of respondents were aware of the process, but main concerns were identified as eligibility criteria and examination difficulty. Options for alternate pathways and other initiatives promoting engagement were identified. Further exploration of these issues is required to be representative of the entire IADT membership. Addressing these obstacles could significantly enhance fellowship participation and overall member satisfaction within the IADT community.

Abstract The recent review article by Zonnenberg, Türp and Greene ‘Centric relation critically revisited – What are the clinical implications’? opens an important debate by addressing topics of central relevance in Dentistry, namely the relationship between occlusion and the condyle‐to‐glenoid‐fossa position, and the need for diagnostic assessment and therapeutic alteration of the condylar position in orthodontic patients. Zonnenberg, Türp and Greene concluded that the mandibular condyle is correctly situated in most orthodontic patients. Thus, in their view, orthodontists can disregard this aspect during treatment, and rely on the plastic properties of the masticatory supporting structures, while aiming at finishing the cases in a good occlusal relationship. We think that this approach fails to consider that biological variation of the stomatognathic structures can also be pathological and that, as dental occlusion determines condylar relative position within the glenoid fossa, changes in the occlusion are likely to alter the original condylar‐to‐glenoid‐fossa relation. Hence, we claim that whenever the occlusal relationship must be changed, the clinician should carefully monitor the condyle position and the mandibular function to prevent possible iatrogenic effects. To advance the discourse on the topic, we invite Zonnenberg, Türp and Greene to clarify their definition of ‘average patient’ and their interpretation of ‘full‐mouth orthodontic and orthognathic treatment’, their understanding of ‘biologically acceptable condylar relationship’, their justification of maximum intercuspation as reference position, the extent to which they think it is safe to rely on the TMJ resilience, and finally their alternative to centric relation in the treatment of patients needing condylar repositioning.

Abstract The adult population in Chile has a high prevalence of dental caries and non‐functional dentition. Fifteen years after the Health Reform, aimed to reduce health inequalities, it is necessary to analyse changes in social inequalities in oral health in Chilean adults. Methods A secondary analysis of data from 2003 and 2016–2017 National Health Surveys (NHS) in Chile was performed on seven oral health outcomes in adults: prevalence of untreated caries, prevalence of severe untreated caries, number of teeth with untreated caries, prevalence of functional dentition, prevalence of edentulism, number of remaining natural teeth and utilization of dental services. Inequalities were measured with the Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and the Relative Index of Inequality (RII) by education level. Results A decrease of caries inequalities measured with SII was observed from 2003 to 2016–17 NHS but an increase of remaining teeth inequalities was measured. The SII of the remaining teeth increased from 6.6 [95% CI = 5.0, 8.2] in 2003 to 8.8 [95% CI = 7.3, 10.3] in 2016–17. The SII of functional dentition by education increased from 29.0 [95% CI = 22.0, 36.0] in 2003 to 38.8 [95% CI = 32.6, 45.0]) in 2016–17. The utilization of dental services ≤1 year was the only outcome that showed a decrease in absolute and relative inequality, the SII was 33.9 [95% CI = 23.3, 45.6] in 2003 and 26.2 [95% CI = 16.6, 35.8] in 2016–17 and the RII decreased from 2.5 [95% CI = 1.7, 3.3] in 2003 to RII = 1.8 [95% CI = 1.4, 2.3] in 2016–17. Conclusion The increase of tooth loss inequalities in contrast to the decrease of inequalities in dental services utilization show the need to re‐evaluate the current dental programmes for adults in Chile. This may include establishing a stronger oral health promotion strategy and greater dental treatment coverage focusing on avoiding tooth extractions in vulnerable social groups.

The history or clinical record has served as an element of registration of health activities since the beginning of the health professions, granting him other utilities and valuations according to their objective, as a teaching value, in research, judicial, among others. Given the different interpretations of the norms in force in Chile, it has had to legislate in its use, membership, content and other aspects of the clinical file, clarifying some situations, but restricting their access in other aspects. Given the different laws and regulations associated with its use, it became necessary to produce a document that collects its most important aspects. There are still aspects associated with customs, beliefs, specialties in health, among others, that have not been addressed by the Laws, in addition to the teaching work of this instrument.

Introduction: Clinicians tend to encounter unfavorable situations in the treatment of teeth with severe attachment loss. Periodontal regeneration has been a successful therapeutic approach in treatments that require a long-term prognosis improvement. This case shows the benefits of combined regenerative periodontal therapy in a patient with a molar severely compromised by furcation, intrabony defects and attachment loss to the apex. Case Report: The clinical case included an endo-periodontal, class III furcation and intrabony defects in a generalized periodontitis, Stage III Grade C patient. After non-surgical periodontal treatment and reevaluation, a full-thickness flap and surgical debridement were performed.Dental root surface was treated with EDTA and enamel matrix derivatives and the defects were filled with allograft and platelet-rich fibrin, additionally a collagen membrane was applied over the graft. After a 12-month follow-up there was a resolution of the intrabony defects and periodontal regeneration. Clinical and radiographic evaluation also showed the partial resolution of the class III furcation defect. Conclusion: Combined periodontal regeneration can be a therapeutic approach to improve the prognosis and prevent the extraction of molars severely compromised by furcation, intrabony defects and attachment loss to the apex.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the concordance of the vestibular bone thickness measured at the level of point A between Teleradiography and Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: This study consisted of a cross-sectional analytical design of concordance that evaluated the teleradiographies and CBCTs of 32 patients. The measurements were performed by three evaluators, specialists in orthodontics. Two of them measured the CBCTs and one evaluated the teleradiographs. The concordance of both tests was determined using the Concordance Correlation Coefficient. Results: When evaluating the value of the vestibular bone thickness at the level of point A between the CBCT and the teleradiography, it was observed that the mean value of the absolute difference between the two was 0.95±0.74, 95%CI [0.68–1.22], being statistically significant (p=0.0027). When the concordance between both tests was analyzed, it was observed that it was poor (CCC=0.204 95%CI [0.014–0.394]), although statistically significant (p<0.00001). Conclusions: It was possible to conclude that there is no concordance in the measurement of the vestibular bone thickness at the level of Point A between the Teleradiography and the CBCT. Keywords: Cone-beam computed tomography; Orthodontics; Cephalometry; Incisor; Patients; Cross-sectional studies

In 2016, the new edition of the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) Ethical Guidelines was released, which are universally acknowledged as ethical standards in biomedical research. In this article, we critically analyze the improvements and shortcomings of the CIOMS Ethical Guidelines 2016. Among the improvements are the relevance assigned to the social value of research and its effects on decision-making and the creation of public policies; the research development in low-resources scenarios; the communities involvement in the research process; the determination of participants vulnerability and changes on informed consent related proceedings. Despite the improved harmonization with scientific, technologic and social changes, and that the guidelines provide a tool for researchers and members of research ethics committees alike, some topics remain unsolved, namely the management of participants minimal risk and conflicts of interest involved in research, and the development of research in low-incomes scenarios. Nonetheless, we recognize that these new guidelines constitute a progress regarding the context and needs of populations in which research will be conducted, with greater community involvement in the different phases of the investigation project, thus allowing them to access the potential benefits. The impact of the CIOMS Ethical Guidelines 2016, should be appraised over time, particularly in socio-sanitary inequities scenarios and in the context of commercial interests of industry on biomedical research.

Purpose: The CCR5/CCL5 axis is essential for interactions between malignant cells and microenvironment components, promoting tumor progression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study aims to evaluate the association of CCL5 and CCR5 with the behavior of oral cancer and assess the therapeutic potential of a CCR5 antagonist. Methods: A retrospective study to analyze CCR5 and CCL5 expression on paraffin-embedded tissues was performed. In cell lines, rhCCL5 was added to induce CCR5-related pathways, and Maraviroc and shRNA against CCR5 were used to neutralize the receptor. Finally, an in vivo murine orthotopic xenograft model of tongue cancer was used to evaluate Maraviroc as an oncologic therapy. After 15 days, the mice were killed, and the primary tumors and cervical lymph nodes were analyzed. Results: The expression of CCR5 was associated with clinical stage and metastasis, and CCL5 was related to overall survival. Adding rhCCL5 induced cell proliferation, while shRNA and Maraviroc reduced it in a dose-dependent manner. Maraviroc treatment also increased apoptosis and modified cytoskeletal organization. In vivo, Maraviroc reduced neck metastasis. Conclusions: The effects of CCR5 antagonists in OSCC have been poorly studied, and this study reports in vitro and in vivo evidence for the effects of Maraviroc in OSCC. Our results suggest that the CCR5/CCL5 axis plays a role in oral cancer behavior, and that its inhibition is a promising new therapy alternative.

Background: Several countries encourage the practice of football for rehabilitation and social inclusion purposes. For visually impaired people, football is purely sound-based, where the ball and the players are constantly emitting sounds for localization purposes in the field. However, the task of shooting the ball requires of a non-visually impaired extra person, behind the goal (known as caller), whom is punching the four corner of such goal to help the athletes. The presence of the caller restricts the self-sufficiency of the players. This work addresses such problem, by presenting a goal for visually impaired players with the aim of enhancing their self-sufficiency. Materials and methods: The electronic goal is designed with four functionalities for training purposes, by returning sound-based feedback of its position and the places where the ball has impacted. The system is validated with seven volunteers from Chilean Football Soccer National Team. A questionnaire was answered by the players before and after the tests to statically validate the proposed device. Results: The presented system is portable and designed following a modular criterion suitable for visually impaired people self-assembling. From a test of 350 shootings, the electronic goal showed to enhance the shooting assertiveness from 82 to 92%, and the accuracy from 20 to 56% compared to the traditional caller. Conclusions: The electronic goal showed to enhance the self-sufficiency of athletes, by improving their assertiveness in shooting training. Nevertheless, and according to the responses to the questionnaires, the system needs improvements in its portability and handling.

Objective This double-blind randomized clinical trial evaluates the influence of dentin roughening (RO) on the clinical behavior of a new universal multi-mode adhesive (Tetric N-Bond Universal; Ivoclar-Vivadent) applied as self-etch and as etch-and-rinse in non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs). Methods A total of 192 restorations were randomly placed in 48 patients according to the following groups: ER – Etch-and-rinse (no preparation); SE – self-etch (no preparation); ER + RO and; SE + RO. The resin composite Empress Direct (Ivoclar-Vivadent) was placed incrementally. The restorations were evaluated after one week (baseline), 6 and 18 months, using the FDI and USPHS criteria. Statistical analyses were performed using appropriate tests (α = 0.05). Results Fifteen restorations were lost at 18 months (3 for SE, 2 for ER, 5 for SE + RO and 5 for ER + RO) (p > 0.05 between groups). Post-operative sensitivity wasn't observed in any of the recall periods. Eighty-four restorations were considered to have minor discrepancies in marginal adaptation at the 18-month recall using the FDI criteria (24 for SE, 18 for ER, 22 for SE + RO and 20 for ER + RO; p > 0.05 between groups). Nineteen restorations were considered to have minor discrepancies in marginal discoloration at the 18-month recall (10 for SE, 03 for ER, 05 for SE + RO and 01 for ER + RO; p > 0.05 between groups). Conclusion The dentin roughening before application of Tetric N-Bond Universal as self-etch and etch-and-rinse didn't affect the clinical behavior of composite restorations placed in NCCLs.

"Objetivo Caracterizar en base a una revisión bibliográfica las técnicas de irrigación con mayor eficacia en la remoción de hidróxido de calcio como medicación intraconducto.Materiales y métodos Revisión bibliográfica realizada en las bases de datos electrónicas PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science. Se seleccionaron 32 artículos contenidos entre los años 2015 y 2020.Resultados La técnica más estudiada es la irrigación ultrasónica, no logrando tener los niveles más altos de eficacia. La irrigación activada por láser resultó ser la más eficaz en la remoción de medicación en los tres tercios de los conductos. Los irrigantes utilizados con mayor frecuencia fueron el hipoclorito de sodio y el ácido etilendiaminotetraacético.Conclusión Las técnicas con mayor eficacia son irrigación activada por láser, seguida de irrigación ultrasónica pasiva. La evidencia sustenta que hipoclorito de sodio y ácido etilendiaminotetraacético deben ser los irrigantes utilizados, ambos de manera secuencial y no de uso excluyente."

Introducción: Las fracturas mandibulares alcanzan un alto porcentaje en Chile.La complejidad de este tipo de fractura radica en características particulares de estas, como lo son su diversidad de presentación, diagnóstico y tratamiento.También se debe considerar las propiedades particulares del hueso mandibular, como lo son su anatomía, fisiología y dinámica.Una mejor comprensión epidemiológica de la población afectada por fracturas mandibulares permitirá proponer protocolos de atención más eficientes para estas lesiones, implementar medidas preventivas y, junto con esto, posibilitar la optimización de recursos en el sistema de salud.Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio busca describir el perfil epidemiológico de los pacientes con fractura mandibular intervenidos quirúrgicamente

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an adhesive loaded with 0.2 % copper (Cu) and 5 % zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (Nps) on its adhesive properties and enzymatic activity at the hybrid layer ex vivo in a randomized clinical model. Methods: Fifteen patients participated in this study, and a total of 30 third molars were used. Occlusal cavities (4 × 4 × 2 mm) were made in each tooth, and randomly divided into 2 groups: (i) Experimental group: commercial adhesive loaded with 0.2wt % CuNps and 5wt % ZnONps; and (ii) Control Group: non-loaded commercial adhesive. Teeth were restored with resin composite. Thirty days later, extractions were performed. Extracted teeth were longitudinally sectioned. Nps in powder were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Microtensile bond strength (μTBS), degree of conversion (DC), and nanoleakeage (NL) tests were executed. In situ zymography (Zym) was performed to evaluate the gelatinolytic activity at the hybrid layer. Student's t-test (α = 0.05) was applied for all tests. Results: μTBS and DC did not show significant differences (p > 0.05) between both groups. However, NL and gelatinolytic activity at the hybrid layer showed significant values (p < 0.05) for experimental group in comparison with control group. Conclusion: The addition of 0.2 % CuNps and 5 % ZnONps to a universal adhesive decreases NL and gelatinolytic activity at the hybrid layer, without jeopardizing its adhesive properties. Significance: This randomized clinical trial with ex vivo analysis demonstrate that a commercial adhesive modified with 0.2wt % Cu and 5wt % ZnO Nps that does not affect its adhesive properties, reducing gelatinolytic activity and nanoleakage at the hybrid layer, which should contribute to an improvement of long term bonding-dentine clinical performance.

Background: Due to the current importance of dental whitening, multiple studies have been carried out in order to achieve an efficient, effective, and innocuous procedure. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness and sensitivity of in-office dental bleaching with one versus two applications of 6% hydrogen peroxide (HP) gel with nitrogen titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles activated by LED/Laser lamp in a single-session. Methods: This RCT with a split-mouth design was performed in twenty-seven volunteers. The in-office dental bleaching technique was performed using 6% HP with nitrogen TiO2 nanoparticles. In each patient, groups were randomized by hemiarch: Group 1 received one application of 72 minutes and Group 2 received two applications of 36 minutes, both groups in a single-session. Results: There were no significant differences in the effectiveness of a single-session with one or two applications of 6% HP with nitrogen TiO2 nanoparticles between both groups(p>0.05). A positive and increase of ∆E value was observed in both groups. Group 1 showed an increase of 4.45 in the immediate measurement, remaining at 4.41 until the one-week control, to increase up to an ∆E of 4.99 at one-month control. Group 2 showed a sustained increase of 4.02 units in the immediate control until reaching the maximum value of 5.46 units of ∆E at one-month control. Conclusion: One session single application protocol of 6% Hydrogen Peroxide gel with nanoparticulate TiO2 activated by LED/Laser is effective and efficient for dental bleaching.

Objectives: To describe the anesthetic techinque used during EXIT-like procedures and assess its effects in the overall success rate of the intervention.Methodology: Retrospective cohort study of 32 mother-newborn pairs with an antenatal diagnosis of gastroschisis in whom a primary closure was planned using the EXIT-like procedure.Results: In 26 (81.3%, 95%CI 63.5-92.8%)cases a successful closure of the abdominal defect was achieved.A slightly reduced success rate was found amongst patients receiving spinal anesthesia (71.4%) when compared with general (80.0%) and mixed techniques (86.7%), which did not reach statistical significance.Conclusions: No association was found between anesthesia technique and EXIT-like procedure success rates.Futher randomised studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Some mutations in gap junction protein Connexin 26 (Cx26) lead to syndromic deafness, where hearing impairment is associated with skin disease, like in Keratitis Ichthyosis Deafness (KID) syndrome. This condition has been linked to hyperactivity of connexin hemichannels but this has never been demonstrated in cochlear tissue. Moreover, some KID mutants, like Cx26S17F, form hyperactive HCs only when co-expressed with other wild-type connexins. In this work, we evaluated the functional consequences of expressing a KID syndromic mutation, Cx26S17F, in the transgenic mouse cochlea and whether co-expression of Cx26S17F and Cx30 leads to the formation of hyperactive HCs. Indeed, we found that cochlear explants from a constitutive knock-in Cx26S17F mouse or conditional in vitro cochlear expression of Cx26S17F produces hyperactive HCs in supporting cells of the organ of Corti. These conditions also produce loss of hair cells stereocilia. In supporting cells, we found high co-localization between Cx26S17F and Cx30. The functional properties of HCs formed in cells co-expressing Cx26S17F and Cx30 were also studied in oocytes and HeLa cells. Under the recording conditions used in this study Cx26S17F did not form functional HCs and GJCs, but cells co-expressing Cx26S17F and Cx30 present hyperactive HCs insensitive to HCs blockers, Ca 2+ and La 3+ , resulting in more Ca 2+ influx and cellular damage. Molecular dynamic analysis of putative heteromeric HC formed by Cx26S17F and Cx30 presents alterations in extracellular Ca 2+ binding sites. These results support that in KID syndrome, hyperactive HCs are formed by the interaction between Cx26S17F and Cx30 in supporting cells probably causing damage to hair cells associated to deafness.

Abstract Aim Accurate records of traumatic dental injuries are important for clinical management and data collection for research. Soft tissue injuries often accompany dental trauma and should be appropriately recorded. The Eden Baysal Dental Trauma Index (EBDTI) provides an easy recording system of useful information about traumatic dental injuries on a tooth basis. The aim of this study was to extend the EBDTI index to record soft tissue injuries in a concise format and to approve the face and content validity of this version as the modified EBDTI (MEBDTI). Materials and Methods An extension to EBDTI was developed by adding superscript numbers from 0 to 8 to represent soft tissue injuries related to dental trauma. The Rand e‐Delphi method was used to evaluate this version of the index. A definition and two statements about the index were sent to 15 international panel experts to be assessed independently on a 9‐point Likert scale where 1 represented “total disagreement,” and 9 indicated “total agreement.” The panel needed to reach a 75% consensus for validation. A numerical code was suggested using zero to depict no soft tissue injury; 1–4 to record extra‐oral injuries; and 5–8 to record intra‐oral injuries (for example, gingiva, frenulum, and palate). Traumatic dental injury of the tooth/teeth is recorded using EBDTI in square brackets, and soft tissue codes are used as superscript numbers outside the brackets on a patient basis. Results The panel reached a consensus on the definition (86.7%) and two statements (86.7% and 93.3%) in one round. Various cases are presented to demonstrate the application of the index. Conclusion The Modified Eden Baysal Dental Trauma Index was developed to record soft tissue. injuries on a patient basis and was approved for face and content validity.

Infectious mononucleosis (IM) is a very common disease, and although in most instances, the patient develops an asymptomatic infection, other patients progress into an array of signs and symptoms that tend to be characteristic of the pathological process, guiding the clinician into choosing the right laboratory examinations under the suspicion of this illness. The most common symptoms are pharyngitis, lymphadenopathies and pyrexia, and the probabilities to develop this mononucleosis triad become greater with age. In other instances, IM can be a challenging disease to diagnose, mainly because the patient debuts with unusual symptoms such as nausea, skin eruptions, diarrhea and epigastric discomfort. The aim of the present article is to report the case of a 21-year-old female with a reactivation of IM, developing only multiple, asymptomatic lymph node enlargements in the head and neck region, showing no other sign or symptom.